Iranian civilization

When the features of Iranian civilization became clear and expanded politically to control most of the Near East, after the fall of Babylon and the fall of the great Near Eastern civilizations, Iran took over and ensured continued communication with the ancient and early medieval West (Greece, Rome, and Byzantium), and the Far East with its two great orbits, China and India. It placed the entire East in its crucible and forged from its elements treasures from which it still draws. At this stage, it seemed as if it were the heart of the ancient East and its conduit for communication with the West. Just as Iran's ancient history was linked to the heritage of Mesopotamia, the medieval, modern, and contemporary history of Iran is linked to Islam and its successive transformations, to which Iran made a unique cultural and civilizational contribution. Iran has played a major role in global affairs. It is the birthplace of ideas and ideologies and the cradle of the first monotheistic religion, Zoroastrianism. It united all of Iran and strongly influenced the emergence of Abrahamic monotheism, which later emerged through Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Iranian civilization was like a reservoir between the civilizations of India and Mesopotamia. It drew its ancient religious heritage from the Vedic and Indian heritage, as well as from Mesopotamia and Ela, and gave a unique and new color that mixed the heritage of Aryan pantheism with the heritage of Semitic polytheism and monotheism. The first part of the book Iranian civilization included in the introductory chapter research into the identity of Iran and Iranology and references for its scientific study, then the origins of Iranians and the roots of its ancient peoples, Iranologists and a brief about their efforts and the biographies of prominent ones among them in the world and in Iran. In the following chapters, we dealt with the geography of ancient Iran and a brief history of its ancient history, and the political aspect, where we discussed the systems of government, the layers of the political pyramid and all its components. Then we discussed the nature of the systems supporting the political system, justice, law, and the organization of the state and society, the history of laws in ancient Iran, the distinctive military aspect of the Iranian state and empires, civil life and civil society, its composition, manifestations and reasons for its decline, the development of economic life in Iran and its general characteristics and the pyramid of economic formation, and Iranian linguistic, literary and intellectual aspects.